8, 9 In fact, acoustic droplet vaporization typically requires acoustic frequencies and pressures that may also cause unwanted bioeffects, 9 which is certainly undesirable.

The pressures and frequencies of conventional diagnostic ultrasound are proved not sufficient to induce acoustic droplet vaporization. 6 However, the Laplace pressure and the surface-stabilizing agents of the droplets make them relatively difficult to vaporize by ultrasound. Traditionally, ultrasound irradiation with a relatively high pressure amplitude was used to trigger the PFC liquid into gaseous phase-also termed as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). Compared with microbubbles, PFC liquid nanodroplets, which are further stabilized by lipids, polymers, surfactants, or albumin shells, possess longer circulation lifetime. Although their liquid cores initially provide poor ultrasound contrast, 7 once triggered into gaseous phase, they can offer significantly augmented ultrasound contrast. 5, 6 These nano-sized droplets can efficiently permeate out of the blood circulation into tumor tissues. 3, 4 Phase-transition perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquid nanodroplets have been gaining more and more attention in recent years. Therefore, exogenous contrast agents smaller than such sizes should be synthesized to optimize in vivo applications. It is believed that only particles with sizes less than a few hundred nanometers can permeate the leaky tumor vasculature. As a result, microbubble-assisted tumor imaging, molecular diagnosis, and therapy have been confined to limited applications. 1, 2 However, the in vivo applications of microbubbles are limited by their short circulation lifetime owing to gas diffusion and biological clearance, as well as poor vascular permeability due to their micrometer-scale dimensions (which prevents them from extravasating out of the vascular system into the tumor intercellular space efficiently). Microbubbles with gas cores have been widely explored in the field of diagnostic ultrasound over the past few decades. Keywords: India Ink, nanodroplets Introduction The demonstrated results suggest that the developed multifunctional phase-transition nanodroplets have a great potential for many theranostic biomedical applications, including photoacoustic/ultrasound dual-modality molecular imaging and targeted, localized cancer therapy. With further increased laser energy, the nanodroplets have been shown to be capable of destructing cancer cells in vivo, presumably due to the photoacoustic effect induced shock-wave generation from the carbon particles of the incorporated India ink. Upon pulsed laser illumination above a relatively low energy threshold, liquid-gas phase transition of the INDs has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, offering excellent contrasts for photoacoustic and ultrasound dual-modality imaging. To overcome these limitations, using a modified three-step emulsion process, we have developed a first-of-its-kind India ink incorporated optically-triggerable phase-transition perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (INDs) that can provide not only three types of contrast mechanisms-conventional/thermoelastic photoacoustic, phase-transition/nonlinear photoacoustic, and ultrasound imaging contrasts, but also a new avenue for photoacoustic effect mediated tumor therapy. The in vivo applications of gas-core microbubbles have been limited by gas diffusion, rapid body clearance, and poor vascular permeability.

Select the file that you have just downloaded and select import option Reference Manager (RIS). India Ink Incorporated Multifunctional Phase-transition Nanodroplets for Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Dual-modality Imaging and Photoacoustic Effect Based Tumor Therapy.

Jian J, Liu C, Gong Y, Su L, Zhang B, Wang Z, wang D, Zhou Y, Xu F, Li P, Zheng Y, Song L, Zhou X. ✉ Corresponding author: Xiyuan Zhou, Tel./fax: +86 23 63693589 E-mail: cb.liuac.cn.

Department of Ultrasound, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China. Research Lab for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Key Lab for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.Ĥ. Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.ģ. Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.Ģ. Jia Jian 1, Chengbo Liu 3, Yuping Gong 1, Lei Su 1, Bin Zhang 1, Zhigang Wang 1, Dong wang 4, Yu Zhou 1, Fenfen Xu 1, Pan Li 1, Yuanyi Zheng 1, Liang Song 3, Xiyuan Zhou 2ġ. Research Paper India Ink Incorporated Multifunctional Phase-transition Nanodroplets for Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Dual-modality Imaging and Photoacoustic Effect Based Tumor Therapy

India ink staining whole blood